Una propuesta integral para desarrollo de proyectos en un curso de Compiladores con una metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos

En este trabajo se presenta una estrategia integral para el desarrollo y la evaluación de proyectos en una asignatura de Compiladores. En esta asignatura se ha optado por emplear una metodología activa basada en proyectos. Esta aproximación posee ventajas incuestionables; sin embargo, su puesta en marcha presenta dos importantes inconvenientes: sobrecarga de trabajo, tanto para los alumnos como para los profesores; y evaluación justa y realista del proyecto, tanto individual como grupal. Para mitigar el primer problema hemos propuesto un entorno de desarrollo de proyectos, de libre disposición y portable. En cuanto al sistema de evaluación hemos propuesto: un modelo de simulación de usuario, para permitir una evaluación realista del desempeño del proyecto; una prueba práctica individual, para considerar el trabajo individual; y un conjunto de actividades de seguimiento, para considerar el trabajo continuo en el desarrollo del proyecto. Esta estrategia se ha puesto en marcha en los últimos años, y el análisis de sus resultados parece avalar su implantación.This paper presents a comprehensive strategy for the development and evaluation of projects in a course of Compilers. In this course we have chosen to use an active methodology based on projects. This approach has unquestionable advantages. However, its implementation has two major drawbacks: work overload, both for students and teachers; and fair and realistic evaluation of the project, both individual and group. In order to mitigate the first problem we have proposed a project development environment, freely available and portable. Regarding the evaluation system we have proposed: a user simulation model, to allow a global evaluation of the final project performance; an individual practical test, to take into account the individual work of the components of the same team; and a set of monitoring activities, to consider continued work on the project. This strategy has been launched in recent years, and the analysis of its results seems to support its implementation

IMEGE: Image-based Mathematical Expression Global Error

Mathematical expression recognition is an active research eld that is related to document image analysis and typesetting. Several approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem, and automatic methods for performance evaluation are required. Mathematical expressions are usually represented as a coded string like LATEX or MathML for evaluation purpose. This representation has ambiguity problems given that the same expression can be coded in several ways. For that reason, the proposed approaches in the past either manually analyzed recognition results or they reported partial errors as symbol error rate. In this study, we present a novel global performance evaluation measure for mathematical expression based on image matching. In this way, using an image representation solves the representation ambiguity as well as human beings do. The proposed evaluation method is a global error measure that also provides local information about the recognition result.Álvaro Muñoz, F.; Sánchez Peiró, JA.; Benedí Ruiz, JM. (2011). IMEGE: Image-based Mathematical Expression Global Error. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1308

Corpus based learning of stochastic, context-free grammars combined with Hidden Markov Models for tRNA modelling

[EN] In this paper, a new method for modelling tRNA secondary structures is presented. This method is based on the combination of stochastic context-free grammars (SCFG) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM). HMM are used to capture the local relations in the loops of the molecule (nonstructured regions) and SCFG are used to capture the long term relations between nucleotides of the arms (structured regions). Given annotated public databases, the HMM and SCFG models are learned by means of automatic inductive learning methods. Two SCFG learning methods have been explored. Both of them take advantage of the structural information associated with the training sequences: one of them is based on a stochastic version of the Sakakibara algorithm and the other one is based on a Corpus based algorithm. A final model is then obtained by merging of the HMM of the nonstructured regions and the SCFG of the structured regions. Finally, the performed experiments on the tRNA sequence corpus and the non-tRNA sequence corpus give significant results. Comparative experiments with another published method are also presented.We would like to thank Diego Linares and Joan Andreu Sanchez for answering all our questions about SCFG, as well as Satoshi Sekine for his evaluation software. We would also like to thank the Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo of Spain for the grants to the INBIOMED consortium.García Gómez, JM.; Benedí Ruiz, JM.; Vicente Robledo, J.; Robles Viejo, M. (2005). Corpus based learning of stochastic, context-free grammars combined with Hidden Markov Models for tRNA modelling. International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications. 1(3):305-318. doi:10.1504/IJBRA.2005.007908S3053181

Un entorno para el desarrollo de proyectos en la enseñanza activa de un curso de Compiladores

[EN] This paper describes an experience in a course on Programming languages and compilers. In this course we have chosen to an active learning methodology aimed at the implementation of a compiler project. In order to minimize the huge effort that teachers must invest in the preparation of a new project every year, a development environment of compile projects is proposed. The goal of this development environment is to greatly simplify the process of developing new projects[ES] En este trabajo se describe una experiencia que se lleva a cabo en la asignatura de “Lenguajes de Programación y Procesadores del Lenguaje”. En esta asignatura hemos optado por una metodología activa orientada a la realización de un proyecto. Para minimizar el enorme esfuerzo que el profesorado debe invertir en la preparación de un nuevo proyecto cada año, en este trabajo se propone un entorno de desarrollo de proyectos de compilación que simplifica enormemente el proceso de elaboración de nuevos proyectos.Benedí Ruiz, JM.; Vivancos Rubio, E. (2016). Un entorno para el desarrollo de proyectos en la enseñanza activa de un curso de Compiladores. En In-Red 2016. II Congreso nacional de innovación educativa y docencia en red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2016.2016.4368OC

An integrated grammar-based approach for mathematical expression recognition

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Pattern Recognition. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Pattern Recognition 51 (2016) 135–147. DOI 10.1016/j.patcog.2015.09.013.Automatic recognition of mathematical expressions is a challenging pattern recognition problem since there are many ambiguities at different levels. On the one hand, the recognition of the symbols of the mathematical expression. On the other hand, the detection of the two-dimensional structure that relates the symbols and represents the math expression. These problems are closely related since symbol recognition is influenced by the structure of the expression, while the structure strongly depends on the symbols that are recognized. For these reasons, we present an integrated approach that combines several stochastic sources of information and is able to globally determine the most likely expression. This way, symbol segmentation, symbol recognition and structural analysis are simultaneously optimized. In this paper we define the statistical framework of a model based on two-dimensional grammars and its associated parsing algorithm. Since the search space is too large, restrictions are introduced for making the search feasible. We have developed a system that implements this approach and we report results on the large public dataset of the CROHME international competition. This approach significantly outperforms other proposals and was awarded best system using only the training dataset of the competition. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was partially supported by the Spanish MINECO under the STraDA research project (TIN2012-37475-C02-01) and the FPU Grant (AP2009-4363).Álvaro Muñoz, F.; Sánchez Peiró, JA.; Benedí Ruiz, JM. (2016). An integrated grammar-based approach for mathematical expression recognition. Pattern Recognition. 51:135-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2015.09.013S1351475

Una propuesta para la evaluación de proyectos en un curso de Compiladores con una metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos

[EN] In this work, a evaluation system for compilation projects in a course on programming languages and compilers is proposed. In this course we have chosen an active learning methodology aimed at the implementation of a compiler project. Our evaluation system meets the following objectives: to allow a global evaluation of the final project performance; to take into account the individual work of the components of the same team; and to consider continued work on the project. To achieve these objectives, we have proposed: a user simulation model; an individual practical test; and a set of monitoring activities. Finally, we also present a statistical analysis of the results of the last five years. The results of this analysis seem to support the proposed evaluation system.[ES] En este trabajo se propone un sistema integral de evaluación de proyectos de compilación para la asignatura de “Lenguajes de Programación y Procesadores del Lenguaje”. En esta asignatura hemos optado por una metodología activa orientada a la realización de un proyecto. El sistema de evaluación propuesto atiende a los siguientes objetivos: permitir una evaluación global del desempeño final del proyecto; tener en cuenta el trabajo individual de los componentes de un mismo equipo; y considerar el trabajo continuo en el desarrollo del proyecto. Para ello hemos propuesto: un modelo de simulación de usuario; una prueba práctica individual; y un conjunto de actividades de seguimiento. Finalmente, también presentamos un análisis estadístico de los resultados de los últimos cinco años. Los resultados de este análisis parecen avalar el sistema de evaluación propuesto.Benedí Ruiz, JM.; Vivancos Rubio, E. (2019). Una propuesta para la evaluación de proyectos en un curso de Compiladores con una metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos. En IN-RED 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 906-917. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10459OCS90691

Marco para parsing predictivo interactivo aplicado a la lengua castellana

El marco teórico de Parsing Predictivo Interactivo (IPP) permite construir sistemas de anotación sintáctica interactivos. Los anotadores humanos pueden utilizar estos sistemas de ayuda para crear árboles sintácticos con muy poco esfuerzo (en comparación con el trabajo requerido para corregir manualmente árboles obtenidos a partir de un analizador sintáctico completamente automático). En este artículo se presenta la adaptación a la lengua castellana del marco IPP y su herramienta de anotación IPP-Ann, usando modelos obtenidos a partir del UAM Spanish Treebank. Hemos llevado a cabo experimentación simulando al usuario para obtener métricas de evaluación objetivas para nuestro sistema. Estos resultados muestran que el marco IPP aplicado al UAM Spanish Treebank se traduce en una importante cantidad de esfuerzo ahorrado, comparable con el obtenido al aplicar el marco IPP para analizar la lengua inglesa mediante el Penn Treebank.The Interactive Predictive Parsing (IPP) framework allows us the construction of interactive tree annotation systems. These can help human annotators in creating error-free parse trees with little effort (compared to manually post-editing the trees obtained from a completely automatic parser). In this paper we adapt the IPP framework and the IPP-Ann annotation tool for parse of the Spanish language, by using models obtained from the UAM Spanish Treebank. We performed user simulation experimentation and obtained objective evaluation metrics. The results establish that the IPP framework over the UAM Treebank shows important amounts of user effort reduction, comparable to the gains obtained when applying IPP to the English language on the Penn Treebank.Work supported by the EC (FEDER, FSE), the Spanish Government and Generalitat Valenciana (MICINN, ”Plan E”, under grants MIPRCV ”Consolider Ingenio 2010” CSD2007-00018, MIT-TRAL TIN2009-14633-C03-01, ALMPR Prometeo/2009/014 and FPU AP2006-01363)

Metodología docente orientada a proyectos aplicada a las prácticas de compiladores

En esta ponencia se presenta una experiencia en la organización de las prácticas de dos asignaturas (“Compiladores I” y “Compiladores II”) en las que se afronta un problema de programación complejo. Las prácticas de estas dos asignaturas están organizadas en torno a un proyecto común: la construcción de un compilador para un lenguaje de programación similar a un subconjunto del lenguaje Pascal. Esta organización de las prácticas orientada a la elaboración de un proyecto facilita que el alumno aprenda a enfrentarse a un problema de programación complejo, al mismo tiempo que proporciona una visión global de la asignatura difícil de lograr de otra forma. Pero al tratarse de un único proyecto de una envergadura considerable que abarca las prácticas de dos asignaturas, aparecen problemas de coordinación y evaluación. En esta ponencia presentamos las soluciones adoptadas

Multimodal Interactive Parsing

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38628-2_57Probabilistic parsing is a fundamental problem in Computational Linguistics, whose goal is obtaining a syntactic structure associated to a sentence according to a probabilistic grammatical model. Recently, an interactive framework for probabilistic parsing has been introduced, in which the user and the system cooperate to generate error-free parse trees. In an early prototype developed according to this interactive parsing technology, user feedback was provided by means of mouse actions and keyboard strokes. Here we augment the interaction style with support for (non-deterministic) natural handwritten recognition, and provide confidence measures as a visual aid to ease the correction process. Handwriting input seems to be a modality specially suitable for parsing, since the vocabulary size involved in the recognition of syntactic labels is fairly limited and thus intuitively errors should be small. However, errors may increase as handwriting quality (i.e., calligraphy) degrades. To solve this problem, we introduce a late fusion approach that leverages both on-line and off-line information, corresponding to pen strokes and contextual information from the parse trees. We demonstrate that late fusion can effectively help to disambiguate user intention and improve system accuracy.This research has received funding from the EC’s 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-13) under grant agreement No.287576- CasMaCat; from the Spanish MEC under the STraDA project (TIN2012-37475- C02-01) and the MITTRAL project (TIN2009-14633-C03-01); from the GV under the Prometeo project; and from the Universidad del Cauca (Colombia)Benedí Ruiz, JM.; Sánchez Peiró, JA.; Leiva, LA.; Sánchez Sáez, R.; Maca, M. (2013). Multimodal Interactive Parsing. En Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Springer. 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38628-2_57S484491Afonso, S., Bick, E., Haber, R., Santos, D.: Floresta sintá(c)tica: a treebank for portuguese. In: Proc. LREC, pp. 1698–1703 (2002)Brants, T., Plaehn, O.: Interactive corpus annotation. In: Proc. LREC (2000)Guyon, I., Schomaker, L., Plamondon, R., Liberman, M., Janet, S.: UNIPEN project of on-line data exchange and recognizer benchmarks. In: Proc. ICPR, pp. 29–33 (1994)Lease, M., Charniak, E., Johnson, M., McClosky, D.: A look at parsing and its applications. In: Proc. AAAI, pp. 1642–1645 (2006)Marcus, M.P., Santorini, B., Marcinkiewicz, M.A.: Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics 19(2), 313–330 (1993)Ortiz, D., Leiva, L.A., Alabau, V., Casacuberta, F.: Interactive machine translation using a web-based architecture. In: Proc. IUI, pp. 423–425 (2010)Romero, V., Leiva, L.A., Toselli, A.H., Vidal, E.: Interactive multimodal transcription of text images using a web-based demo system. In: Proc. IUI, pp. 477–478 (2009)Sánchez-Sáez, R., Leiva, L.A., Sánchez, J.A., Benedí, J.M.: Interactive predictive parsing using a web-based architecture. In: Proc. NAACL-HLT, pp. 37–40 (2010)Sánchez-Sáez, R., Sánchez, J.A., Benedí, J.M.: Interactive predictive parsing. In: Proc. IWPT, pp. 222–225 (2009)Sánchez-Sáez, R., Sánchez, J.A., Benedí, J.M.: Confidence measures for error discrimination in an interactive predictive parsing framework. In: Proc. COLING, pp. 1220–1228 (2010